（三）分词

1．使役动词have, make, get, let, feel, find, hear, see, watch, want, wish等后可接过去分词作宾补，表示动作由他人完成。
When you speak, you must make yourself heard.(他人听见)
I shall have the windows cleaned before I put up the new curtain.
I wonder if she could get it done tomorrow.
I heard it said that he will quit his present job soon.

2．当现在分词或过去分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，分词可带连词
when, while, although, as if etc.
Although born in China, she is the most famous for her stories about New York City.
He is lying on the floor, as if knocked down by someone else.
When heated, water can change into vapor.
She was singing English songs while reading.

3．独立结构
　　当句子的主语不是分词的主语，分词自带有主语时，称为分词的独立结构。独立结构在句子中作状语表时间、原因、伴随等。being 在独立结构中常省略。
The meeting (being) over, they went to the park. (时间)
The car stopped, there being no fuel in the tank! (原因)
Her eyes filled with tears, she did not see him enter. (伴随)
He came into the room, his face (being) red with cold. (伴随)
Weather permitting, we’ll go fishing. (条件)
介词with 也常用来引出独立结构。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning.
With all factors considered, we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal.

4．现在分词的完成、被动形式与过去分词的区别
1）现在分词的完成时表示主动意义，过去分词表示完成被动意义。
Having finished my exercises, I went out. (=When I had finished my exercises, I went out.)
Finished (=When it has been finished), the book may have 400 pages.

2）现在分词的完成被动式既表完成又表被动时，可与过去分词互换。
Having been given (=given) such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?

3）不及物动词的现在分词表进行；不及物动词的过去分词只表完成。
He found a girl standing under a tree singing. (进行)
We found him gone. (完成)

4）及物动词的过去分词有时只表被动，不表完成；有时既表被动又表完成。
Spoken English (被动) a broken glass (完成，被动)

5）现在分词的被动式强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成。
The question discussed (= which has been discussed) at the meeting is very important.
The question being discussed (= which is being discussed) at the meeting is very important.