Unit2 HISTORY
　　1. The country was a place where men worked from dawn to dark, and the labourer lived not in the sun, but in poverty and darkness. What aids there were to lighten labour were immemorial, like the mill, which was already ancient in Chaucer's time. The industrial Revolution began with such machines; the millwrights were the engineers of the coming age. James Brindley of Staffordashire started his self-made career in 1733 by working at mill wheels, at the age of seventeen, having been born poor in a village.
　　在农村，人们从早到晚都得干活，劳动者并不是沐浴在阳光下，而在生活在贫困和黑暗之中，那么帮助减轻劳动的机械都不知从哪个年代就有了。比如磨坊，在乔叟的时候就已经是古老的了。而工业革命就是从这些机械开始的。修造磨坊的匠人就是开创新时代的工程师。斯塔福郡的詹姆斯。布林斯雷，出身于一个贫苦的农村家庭；一七三三年，他十七岁，就着手改良磨坊的车轮，从而开始了他那自我奋斗的生涯。
　　2. in the air
　　酝酿之中
　　3.multi-purpose machine
　　多功能机器
　　4. Brindley had begun on his own account, out of interest, to survey the waterways that he traveled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and mines.
　　布林斯雷在为他的磨坊和矿井建筑工程到处奔走的时候，出于自愿和兴趣，对沿途经过的河道进行了勘察。
　　5. they often had little education, and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind.
　　他们一般都没有受过什么教育。事实上，当时那种学校教育也只能窒息人的创造性。
　　6. arteries of communication
　　交通的动脉
　　7. these things had been manufactured in villages which were growing into towns now, away from London; it was a country-wide trade.
　　这些物品都是在远离伦敦渐渐发展成为城镇的农村制造的。这是一场全国范围的贸易。
　　8．要从词汇，短语和结构三个方面去弄懂原文，但是光这样做还是不够的，还必须把握全篇。
　　9. It is not alone: it forms one of a triad of revolutions, of which the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789. It may seem strange to put into the same pocket an industrial revolution and two political revolutions.
　　工业革命不是孤立的，它是当时三大革命之一，另外两次是美国革命和法国革命，分别始于1775年和1789年。将一次工业革命和两次政治革命相提并论，似乎有些奇。
　　10. cottage industry
　　作坊似的
　　11.what makes the Industrial Revolution so peculiarly English is that it is rooted in the countryside.
　　工业革命特别具有英国特色是因为它植根于农村
　　12. During the first half of the eighteenth century, in the old age of Newton and the decline of the Royal Society, England basked in a last Indian summer of village industry and the overseas trade of merchant adventures.
　　18世纪上半期，也就是牛顿的晚年，皇家学会逐渐衰败的年代，英国仍享受着农村经济和商业冒险家从事的海外贸易带来的最后欢娱。
　　13. Eventually, though a few communities continued to be devoted almost exclusively to mining, the real wealth of Montana, Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and California proved to be in the grass of soil.
　　后业虽然少数城镇专门从事采矿业，但蒙大拿，科罗拉多，怀俄明，爱达荷等州的真正财富，也和加州一样，还是在草原和沃土之中。
　　14. readability, 读起来上口，顺。所谓翻译，是翻译意思，而不是翻译词句。只要抓住了意思，译文在词句上可以有一定的灵活性。
　　15. Despite the great gains in industry, agriculture remained the nation's basic occupations. The revolution in agriculture----paralleling that in manufacturing after the war involved a shift from hand labor to machine farming, and from subsistence to commercial agriculture. Between 1686 and 1910, the number of farms in the United States trebled, increasing from 2 million to 6 million while the area farmed more than doubled from 160 million to 352 million hectares.
　　尽管工业的收益很大，农业仍是国民的基础产业。农业革命----和战后的制造业革命齐驾齐驱，使手工业劳作变为机械耕种，使维持生计的农业变为商业化的农业。从1860年至1910年间，美国农场的数量翻了三番，从2000000个增至6000000个，耕种的面积也从1。6公顷增至3。52公顷，增长了一倍多。
　　16. In 1840, Cyrus McCormick performed a miracle by cutting from two to two-and-a-half hectares a day with the curious machine he had been developing for nearly 10 years.
　　到了1840年，塞路斯，麦克米克创造了一个奇迹，用他历经近十年研制的神奇机器，一天可割麦2---2。5公顷。
　　17. In 1862, the Morrill Land-Grant College Act
　　1862年，政府颁布的有关赠地建校的“莫里尔公地兴学法案”
　　18. industrial colleges, appropriated fund, were at work.
　　农业院校， 下拨款项， 展开了科研活动。
　　19. 五四运动是反帝国主义的运动,又是反封建的运动. 五四运动的杰出的历史意思,在于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态, 这就是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥协地反封建主义.
　　The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialist as well as an anti-feudal movement. Its outstanding historical significance is to be seen in a feature which was absent from the Revolution of 1911, namely, its thorough and uncompromising opposition to imperialism as well as to feudalism.
　　20. 五四运动所进行的文化革命则是彻底地反对封建文化的运动,自有中国历史以来,还没有过这样伟大而彻底的文化革命.
　　May 4th Movement was uncompromising in its opposition to feudal culture; there had never been such a great and thoroughgoing cultural revolution since the dawn of Chinese history.
　　21. 五四运动是在思想上和干部上准备了一九二一年中国共产党的成立,又准备了五?运动和北伐战争.
　　Both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, the May 4th Movement paved the way for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and for the May 30th Movement in 1925 and the Northern Expedition.
　　22. 上海,唐山,长辛店等地工人纷纷罢工示威, 中国工人阶级第一次作为觉悟了的独立的政治力量登上政治舞台,显示了它的伟大力量.
　　Workers in Shanghai, Tanghsna, Changxindian and etc, went on strike to express their disapproval. As an awakened, independent, political strength, Chinese working class stepped on the political stage for the first time and illuminated its tremendous power.
　　23. 在全国人民反帝爱国斗争的压力下, 北洋军阀政府被迫释放被捕学生,撤销三个卖国?的职务,拒绝在对德”和约”上签字,反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利.
　　Under the pressure of a nationwide patriotic struggle against imperialism, the Northern Warlord government had to release those arrested students, remove the 3 traitors from their posts and refuse to sign on the Peace Treaty with Germany. The struggle against imperialism and feudalism has achieved a foundemental victory.
　　24. 五四运动是一次彻底的不妥协的反帝反封建的革命运动, 它促成了中国工人运动同马克思主义的结合, 在思想上和干部上为中国共产党的成立作了准备, 是中国新民主主义革命的开端.
　　May 4th Movement is a revolutionary movement with a thorough and uncompromising opposition to imperialism and feudalism. It prompted the combination of Chinese workers' movement and Marxism and, both in ideology and in the matter cadres, paved the way for the founding of Chinese Communist Party. It was the beginning of the Chinese New Democratic Revolution.
　　25. Scarcely less important than machinery in the agricultural revolution was science. In 1862, the Morrill Land-Grant College Act allotted public land to each state for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges.
　　在农业革命中与机械几乎同等重要的是科学.1862年,根据”莫里尔公地兴法案”, 国会把公用地分配给各州,以便建立农业和工业学院.
　　26. the revolution in agriculture---paralleling that in manufacturing after the war involved a shift from hand labor to machine farming, and from subsistence to commercial agriculture.
　　农业的革命----和战后制造业的革命并驾齐驱----使手工业劳动变为机械耕作,从维持生计的农业变成为商业化的农业。　　
　　UNIT 3 GEOGRAPHY
　　1. All this suggested ancient harmonies.
　　这一切使人感到古代的和谐气氛.
　　2. The devastating floods and droughts that imposed a recurrent tax of suffering on the fellahin no longer occur.
　　过去给农民带来灾难的水旱灾害,现在也不再发生了.
　　3. About six years ago it became an island. Day by day the sea is eating the land----the dam has stopped the sediment of the Nile from replenishing the shoreline.
　　大约六年前, 那地方变成了一个小岛.海水一天天冲刷陆地----水坝已经使得尼罗河的泥沙无法沉积下来加固海岸了.
　　4. 旧的教学法只管三件事,识汉字, 读汉字读物, 写汉字作文. 冰心在<北京晚报>发表过一篇文章:”漫谈赏花和玩猫”.
　　5.Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan. Driving southward from Cairo into the valley, I entered a landscape that owed little to the present era. For the next 1800 miles the thin blue ribbon of the Nile, flowing slowly north, unwound over brown soil and green fields, some only a few yards wide, others as broad as an Iowa cornfield. At the edge of the fields, rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon, lay the brown barren deserts.
　　古埃及的坟墓,庙宇遍布尼罗河两岸,一直沿至苏丹.驾车从开罗往南行至尼罗河谷,映入眼帘的是一番与现代截然不同的景色.蓝色玉带般的尼罗河绵延1800英里,在棕色的土地和绿色的田野间缓缓向北流去.田地有的仅几码宽,有的则如依阿华州的玉米地那么宽.田野的外边缘处是寸草不生的棕色沙漠,有的地方如小山般高高耸起,有的则平平的一直延展至天际.
　　6. I had the illusion that I was driving through one immensely long, narrow farm.
　　我感到自己宛若驾车穿越一个毫无尽头的狭长农场.
　　7. the road followed the course of the Nile, now passing through the fields, now drawing a black line separating them from the desert.
　　公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的,所以时而从田间穿过,时而如一条黑色的分界线将田地与沙漠隔开.
　　8. as the flood receded, the water draining through the soil leached out the salts and carried them off to the Mediterranean.
　　洪水退去时, 下渗土壤的水会冲走土里的盐分,并最终把盐带入地中海.
　　9. it enjoys a Mediterranean climate.
　　属地中海气候
　　10. The fertility of the surrounding plains, easy access to the Murray lowlands to the east and southeast, and the presence of mineral deposits in the nearby hills all contributed to the city's growth.
　　四周平原土壤肥沃,与东和东南方的墨累低地相通.附近山区有矿藏. 原为早期农贸中心, 现已工业化.
　　11. The Adelaide Festival of Arts was the first international celebration of its kind to be held in Australia.
　　阿德莱德文艺节每两年举行一次,是在澳大利亚举办的第一个国际性文艺活动.
　　12. Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, is one of Australia's best-planned cities.
　　南澳大利亚的首府,阿德莱德, 是澳大利亚布局最精巧的城市之一.
　　13. Belts of parklands line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawns and trees break the regularity of the city buildings. North Adelaide, which is chiefly residential, is bordered by more parklands, and contains two open squares. N and S Adelaide are divided by the Torrens River, spanned by four bridge and lined with ornamental gradens.
　　带状绿地从三面环绕,区内的四块空地上有草坪也有树木,打破了市内建筑物的单调格局.北部主要是居民区,其周围也有公园环绕.另外还有两个大广场.南北阿德莱德的分界是特化斯河,河面上建有四座桥,两岸则有花园点缀.
　　14. The city contains many fine examples of early Australian architecture, including the town hall on King Wiiliam Street---the wide main N-S thoroughfare.
　　阿德莱德拥有许多早期澳式建筑的典范,比如贯通南北的主干道路----余威廉大街上的市政大厅.
　　15. jets of water, aluminium sculptures, draws its water.
　　喷水孔,铝质雕塑.供水之源
　　16. Parklands, which separate the city and the suburbs, are preserved in the perpetuity for the use of the people.
　　分隔市区与郊区的绿地永远留作人们活动的场所.
　　17. The Imperial Palace
　　18. Of particular interest if you have time might be the Imperial Ancestral Temple, which is to the right, and the Sun Yat-Sen Park, on the left.
　　19. Covering an area of 175 acres, the Palace is enclosed by walls over 35ft high and surrounded by a moat 57yd wide.
　　20. the Palace Museum, with four gates, has its main entrance to the south, known as the Meridian Gate. This is the gate you will approach as you continue along the cobbled roadway from Tian An Men. The Imperial Palace is divided into two ceremonial areas: the Outer Palace and the Inner Court. Through the Meridian Gate and across the Golden Water Bridge, one comes to the Gate of Supreme Harmony, the main gate of the Outer Palace. The main building in the Outer Palace are the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Preserving Harmony.
　　21. The Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Meridian Gate, the Outer Palace, the Inner Court, the Golden Water Bridge, the Gate of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Complete Harmony, the Hall of Preserving Harmony.
　　太和殿, 午门, 外朝, 内延, 金水桥, 太和门, 中和殿, 保和殿
　　22.总面积共有68.2公顷, 燕京八景之一, 五龙亭, 九龙壁, 御花园, 白塔, 燕京, 琉璃瓦, 影壁
　　With a total area of 68.2 ha. One of the eight views of Beijing. The Five Dragon Pavilion. Nine-Dragon Screen. The Imperial garden. The White Dagoba. Beijing. Glazed tiles. Screen.

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