中石油职称英语是中石油系统内部组织的一种职称英语考试。考试五大题型：词汇、语法、阅读理解、完型填空、翻译。

　　The Traps(参考译文：圈闭)

　　1.The term "trap" was first applied to a hydrocarbon accumulation by Orton:"... stocks of oil and gas might be trapped in the summits of folds or arches found along their way to higher ground." A detailed historical account of the subsequent evolution of the concept and etymology of the term trap is found in Dott and Reynolds(1969).

　　1.昂腾（Ortan）最早用“圈闭”一词表示烃类聚集，指出：“石油和天然气向更高的地层运移，并最终在褶皱和背斜的顶部形成圈闭。”“圈闭”的历史起源和原始含义以及该概念的后续演化，达特（Dott）和瑞纳德（Reynold）有详细论述。

　　2.A trap is one of the five essential requisites for a commercial accumulation of oil or gas.Levorsen gave a concise definition of a trap as "the place where oil and gas are barred from further movement." This definition needs some qualification,however.Explorationists in general and geophysicists in particular search for hydrocarbon traps.Perhaps it would be more accurate to say that they search for potential traps.Only after drilling and testing is it known whether the trap contains oil or gas.In other words a trap is still a trap whether it is barren or productive.

　　2.圈闭是石油和天然气形成商业性聚集的五大要素之一。利温森（Levorson）将圈闭简明地定义为：“阻止石油和天然气进一步运移的地方。”然而对该定义有必要加以限定。绝大部分勘探家和部分地球物理学家寻找的烃类圈闭。但准确地讲，他们寻找的是潜在的圈闭，只有在钻井和试油以后才知道圈闭内是否含油或含气。换句话说，不管圈闭内是否含有油气，圈闭就是圈闭。

　　3.Many terms are used to describe the various parameters of a trap.These terms are defined as follows and illustrated with reference to an anticlinal traps,the simplest type.The highest point of a trap is the crest,or culmination.The lowest point at which hydrocarbons may be contained in the trap is the spill point:this lies on a horizontal contour,the spill plane.The vertical distance from crest to spill plane is the closure of the trap.A trap may not be full to the spill plane,a point of both local and regional significance.Note that in areas of monoclinal dip the closure of a trap may not be the same as its structural relief.This situation is particularly significant in hydrodynamic traps.

　　3.有许多术语用来描述圈闭的各种参数，下面罗列了这些术语的定义，并以最简单的圈闭类型—背斜圈闭为例解释了这些术语。圈闭的最高点称为脊部或顶部。含有烃类的那部分圈闭的最低点称为溢出点。溢出点位于平面溢出面上。从圈闭顶部到溢出面的垂直距离称为圈闭的幅度。油气可能没有充满至圈闭的溢出面，它是局域或区域上都有意义的点。值得注意的是，在只有单斜地层的构造内，圈闭的幅度可能与构造的起伏不一样。这种情况对于水动力圈闭尤其有意义。

　　4.Within the trap the productive reservoir is termed the pay.The vertical distance from the top of the reservoir to the petroleum-water contact is termed gross pay.This thickness may vary from only one or two meters in Texas to several hundred meters in the North Sea and Middle East.All of the gross pay does not necessarily consist of productive reservoir,however,so gross pay is usually differentiated from net pay.The net pay is the cumulative vertical thickness of a reservoir from which petroleum may be produced.Development of a reservoir necessitates mapping the gross-net pay ratio across the field.

　　4.圈闭内的可产储层称为产层，从储层的顶部到油水界面的垂直距离称为总产层。总产层的厚度变化很大，从德克萨斯油田的1-2米，到北海和中东油田的几百米不等。并非所有总产层都必须由可产储层组成，因为总产层有别于净产层。净产层是所有可产层在垂向的累积厚度。储层的开发，有必要计算整个油田的总产层和净产层之比。

　　5.A trap may contain oil,gas,or both.The oil-water contact(OWC) is the deepest level of producible oil.Similarly,the gas-oil contact(GOC) or gas-water contact(GWC),as the case may be,is the lower limit of producible gas.The accurate evaluation of these surfaces is essential before the reserves of a field can be calculated,and their establishment is one of the main objectives of well logging and testing.Where oil and gas occur together in the same trap,the gas overlies the oil because the gas has a lower density.Whether a trap contains oil and/or gas depends both on the chemistry and level of maturation of the source rock.And on the pressure and temperature of the reservoir itself.Not only does a gross gravity separation of gas and oil occur within a reservoir but more subtle variation may also exist.

　　5.一个圈闭可能含油、含气，或既含油，又含气。油水界面是可采原油的最深部位。同样，油气界面或水气界面是可产天然气所能达到的最低深度。要计算油田的储量，首先要精确地确定和评价这些界面，确定并建立这些界面是测井和试井的主要工作目标之一。在同时含有油和气的圈闭中，因为气的密度小，气通常在油之上。一个圈闭是含油，还是含气，还是既含油又含气，主要取决于源岩的化学性质和源岩的成熟度，以及储层本身的温度和压力。储层不仅有气和油的总重力分离出现，而且还存在更加微妙和复杂的变异。

　　6.Some oil fields have a mat of heavy tar at the oil water contact.This mat is produced by the degradation of oil as bottom waters move beneath the oil-water contact.Tar mats cause considerable production problems by inhibiting water from displacing oil.Fields with thick oil columns may show a more subtle gravity variation through the pay zone.Boundaries between oil,gas,and water may be sharp or transitional.Abrupt fluid contacts indicate a permeable reservoir;gradational ones indicate a low permeability with a high capillary pressure.The zone immediately beneath the hydrocarbons is referred to as the bottom water,and the zone of the reservoir laterally adjacent to the trap as the edge zone.

　　6.由于油水界面下面底水的流动造成了原油的降减作用，一些油田的油水界面处常形成一种重油垫，由于重油垫阻止了水对油的替换作用，因而造成了许多严重的生产问题。具有很厚油柱的油田其产层内会有更加微妙复杂的重力分异。油、气、水的边界可能是突变的，也可能是渐变的。突变的流体界面表明储层具有很好的渗透率，而渐变的流体界面表明储层的渗透率较差，且储层的毛细压力较高。直接位于烃类以下的区带称为底水，横向与圈闭相邻的区带称为边缘地带。

　　7.Fluid contacts in a trap are generally planar,but are by no means always horizontal.Early recognition of a tilted fluid contact is essential for the correct evaluation of a reserve.Correct identification of the cause of the tilt is necessary for the efficient production of the field.

　　7.圈闭内的流体界面一般是平面，但决不总是水平的。在勘探和开发早期发现并识别出倾斜的流体界面对于储量的正确评价至关重要，正确地识别和诊断倾斜流体界面产生的主要原因对于油田有效生产和开发也显得尤为重要。