Ⅲ.阅读理解/Reading comprehension (40分)
A
The law says that women should have the chance of doing the same jobs as men and earn the same as them.
The reality is very different. Women lose because, 25 years after the Equal Pay Act, many of them still get paid less than men.
They lose because they do lower-paid jobs which men just won' t consider. And they lose because they are the ones who interrupt a career to have children.
All this is reported in an independent study ordered by the Government's Women's Unite.
The biggest problem isn’t equal pay in workplaces such as factories. It is a sort of work womendo.
Make a list of the low-paid jobs, then consider who does them.
Try nurses, secretaries, cleaners, clerks, teachers in primary schools, dinner ladies, and childcare helpers. Not a lot of men among that group, are there?
Yet some of those jobs are really important. Surely no one would deny that about nurses and teachers, for a start.
So why do we reward the people who do them so poorly? There can be only one answer-- because they are women.
This is not going to be put right overnight. But the Government which employs a lot of them, and other bosses have to make a start.
It is disgraceful(可耻的) that we have gone into the 21st Century but still treat women as second-class citizens.
36. Women should have the chance of doing the same jobs and be paid equally as men_________.
A. after 25 years
B. according to the law
C. as a result of the Equal Pay Act
D. because women are as strong as men
37. We can learn from the text what the problem really matters is_________.
A. that women interrupt a career to have children
B. what sort of work women do
C. because they are women
D. what an unfair pay women get in workplaces
38. Which of the following best describes the writer’s idea?
A. Women should get equal pay for equal work to that of men.
B. Women should strengthen (加强) themselves.
C. The Government ought to protect women against getting paid less than men.
D. Some of the jobs that women do are of great importance.
39. When the writer says,"This is not going to be put right overnight", he means_________.
A. we must solve the problem very quickly
B. there is no completely fair thing all over the world
C. we need a long time to change the unfair reality
D. the problem that women lose will be solved soon
40. Which do you think would be the best title for this passage? ( )
A. Work to give women a fair pay deal.
B. Time to change the situation.
C. Equal work, equal pay.
D. Should women be treated as second-class citizens?
B
Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.
This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial ; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts ; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets ; and for the person who views the scientist as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or--independent of any course--simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.
We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but , rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contributions, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she . This policy is far from being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally.
We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.
41. According to the passage, "scientific subculture" means_________.
A. cultural groups that are formed by scientists
B. people whose knowledge of science is very limited
C. the scientific community
D. people who make good contributions to science
42. We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because_________.
A. it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists
B. science affects almost every aspect of our life
C. scientists live in a specific subculture
D. it is easier to understand general characteristics of science
43. The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who_________.
A. are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science.
B. are good at producing various gadgets.
C. work in a storehouse of dried facts.
D. want to have a superficial understanding of science.
44. According to this passage, _________.
A. English is a sexist language
B. only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly
C. women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language
D. male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists
45. This passage most probably is_________
A. a book review
B. the preface of a book
C. the postscript of a book
D. the concluding part of a book
C
It looked like a typical business meeting. Six men, neatly dressed in white shirts and ties, filed into the boardroom of a small Jakarta company and sat down at a long table. But instead of consulting files or hearing reports, they closed their eyes and began to meditate, consulting the spirits of ancient Javanese kings. Mysticism touches almost every aspect of life in Indonesia and business is no exception. One of the meditators said his weekly meditation sessions are aimed mainly at bringing the peace of mind that makes for good decision-making. But the insight gained from mystic communication with spirits of wise kings has also helped boost the profits of his five companies.
Mysticism and profits have come together since the 13th century introduction of Islam to Indonesia by Indian Moslem merchants. Those devout traders, called “Wali Ullah” or “those close to God,” energetically spread both trade and religion by adapting their appeals to the native mysticism of Java. Legends attribute the magic powers of foreknowledge to the Wali Ullah. These powers were believed to be gained through meditation and fasting.
Businessman Hadisiko said his group fasts and meditates all night every Thursday to become closer to God and to contact the spirits of the great men of the past. “If we want to employ someone at the managerial level, we meditate together and often the message comes that this man can' t hold on to money or he is untrustworthy. Or maybe the spirits will tell us he should be hired.” Hadisiko hastened to add that his companies also hold modern personnel management systems and that formal qualifications are essential for a candidate even to be considered. Perspective investments also are considered through mystic meditation. “With the mind relaxed and open, it is easier to be objective in judging the risk of a new venture. Meditation and contact with the wisdom of the old leaders sharpens your own insight and intuition. Then you have to apply that intuition to the information you have and work hard to be successful.” Mystic meditation helped reverse a business slide his companies experienced in the mid-1980. Operating with normal business procedures, he lost more than $ 3 millions in that year alone. Meditation brought back his peace of mind. Putting the right persons, in the right jobs and gaining confidence in his business decisions were the keys to a turnaround that has brought expansion and profitability. The mysticism in Hadisiko' s boardroom is part of a growing movement in Indonesia called Kebatinan--the “search for the inner self.”
One of his managers, Yusuf Soemado, who studied business administration at Harvard University, compared the idea of mystic management to the Western system of positive thinking. “Willpower and subconscious mind are recognized as important factors in business. Such approaches as psycho-cybernetics, Carnegie' s think and growth rates, or the power of positive thinking are Western attempts to tap the same higher intelligence that we contact through meditation,” he said.
46. What is the most important factor in Indonesians' doing business?
A. Mysticism.
B. Religion.
C. Meditation.
D. Investment.
47. Whom do they consult?
A. The spirits of ancient Javanese kings.
B. Wall Ullah.
C. Old Kings.
D. Carnegie.
48. Why did Hadisiko hasten to add "his companies .also hold modern personnel management systems…… "?
A. He thought Mysticism was not so good as expected.
B. To show they too focused on qualifications.
C. To show they hired qualified persons.
D. To show the possibility of combination of the scientific management with religion.
49. According to the passage, the function of the meditation is_________.
A. to gain profit from God
B. to gain peace of mind to make a decision
C. to gain an foreknowledge
D. to gain an objective conclusion
50. What does “operating with normal business procedures”refer to?
A. Adopting the Western way of doing business.
B. An ordinary way of doing business without meditation and fasting.
C. Contact with God,
D. Putting the right persons in the right jobs.
D
Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of PhDs. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the PhD requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.
Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated “because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of PhD programs were capable of completing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the PhD level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the PhD.”
“The results of our research”, Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support these opinions.”
1. Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.
2. Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.
3. Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.
Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned the academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their PhD program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.
As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none of the PhD' s with that background reached this figure. The PhD’s shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where the PhD' s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.
As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to the graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.
51. The author states that many educators feel that_________
A. steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus
B. the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study
C. the PhD holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout
D. the high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members
52. Research has shown that__________
A. dropouts are substantially below PhD's in financial attainment
B. the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing PhD studies
C. the PhD candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out
D. about one-third of those who start PhD work do not complete the work to earn the degree
53. Meeting foreign language requirements for the PhD_________
A. is the most frequent reason for dropping out
B. is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate
C. is an essential part of many PhD programs
D. does not vary in difficulty among universities
54. After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that_________
A. optimism reigns in regard to getting PhD dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree
B. a PhD dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to. learn the degree
C. colleges and universities employ a substantial number of PhD dropouts
D. the PhD' s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic .positions
55. It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in_________
A. the too low salary for PhD
B. the too rigid academic requirement
C. the too high salary for dropouts
D. 1000 positions
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