Application Area Knowledge, Standards and Regulations
　　应用领域知识、标准与规章制度
　　Application areas are categories of projects that have common elements significant in such projects, but are not needed or present in all projects. Application areas are usually defined in terms of:
　　应用领域是本类项目具有明显的（但并非所有项目所具备或所必须具备的）共同因素的项目类型。应用领域一般按以下方式定义：
　　Functional departments and supporting disciplines, such as legal, production and inventory management, marketing, logistics, and personnel
　　职能部门和辅助学科，如法律、生产和库存管理、营销、物流和人事管理。
　　Technical elements, such as software development or engineering, and sometimes a specific kind of engineering, such as water and sanitation engineering or construction engineering
　　技术因素，如软件开发或工程，有些时候是一种具体的工程，如给水排水工程或土建工程。
　　Management specializations, such as government contracting, community development, and new product development
　　管理专门化，如政府合同、社区开发或新产品开发。
　　Industry groups, such as automotive, chemical, agriculture, and financial services.
　　工业集团，如汽车、化工、农业或金融服务。
　　Each application area generally has a set of accepted standards and practices, often codified in regulations. The International Organization for Standardization （ISO） differentiates between standards and regulations as follows:
　　每一个应用领域一般都有一套公认的经常以规章制度形式颁布的标准和做法。国际标准化组织（Iso）把标准和规章制度做了如下区分（ISO/IEC Guide 2: 1996）:
　　A standard is a “document established by consensus and approved by a recognized body that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context.” Some examples of standards are computer disk sizes and the thermal stability specifications of hydraulic fluids.
　　标准是一个“在经常和反复的使用中构成了活动或其结果的规则、原则或特征，并由共识确立或者公认机构批准的文件，其目的是在既定的环境中实现最佳程度的秩序”。标准的一些例子有，电脑磁盘的尺寸和液压流体的热稳定性。
　　A regulation is a government-imposed requirement, which specifies product, process or service characteristics, including the applicable administrative provisions, with which compliance is mandatory. Building codes are an example of regulations.
　　规章制度是一个“政府机构施加的要求。这些要求可能会决定产品、过程或服务遵守政府强制要求的特征，包括适用的行政管理条文”。建筑法规就是规章制度的一个例子。
　　There is an overlap in the concepts of standards and regulations that cause confusion. For example:
　　标准和规章制度这两个概念因有重复之处会引起混乱，例如：
　　Standards often begin as guidelines that describe a preferred approach and later, with widespread adoption, become generally accepted as if they were regulations
　　标准常常以描述一项为多数人选用的最佳方案的准则形式开始，然后，随着其得到广泛采用而得到了普遍公认，如规章制度一样。
　　Different organizational levels can mandate compliance, such as when a government agency, the management of the performing organization, or the project management team establishes specific policies and procedures.
　　不同的组织层次可能要求强制遵守，如当政府机构、实施组织的管理层，或者项目管理团队确立了具体的方针和程序时。

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