Project Management Context
　　项目管理环境
　　Project management exists in a broader context that includes program management, portfolio management and project management office. Frequently, there is a hierarchy of strategic plan, portfolio, program, project and subproject, in which a program consisting of several associated projects will contribute to the achievement of a strategic plan.
　　项目管理处于广泛的环境之中，包括计划管理、综合行动和项目管理办公室。战略计划、综合行动、计划、项目与子项目经常组成为多层次的系统，其中由若干项目联系的项目组成的计划有助于战略计划的实现。
　　Programs and Program Management
　　计划与计划管理
　　A program is a group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually. Programs may include elements of related work outside of the scope of the discrete projects in the program. For example:
　　计划是经过协调统一管理以便获取单独管理时无法取得的效益和控制的一组互相联系的项目。许多计划还包括处于计划中各单个项目范围之外的有关工作的因素。例如：
　　A new car model program can be broken up into projects for the design and upgrades of each major component （for example, transmission, engine, interior, exterior） while the ongoing manufacturing occurs on the assembly line
　　某新型汽车计划可分解为各个主要部件（如传动、发动机、车箱内部和外部）设计和更新的若干项目，而不打断装配线上的制造过程。
　　Many electronics firms have program managers who are responsible for both individual product releases （projects） and the coordination of multiple releases over a period of time （an ongoing operation）。
　　许多电子器件公司都有“计划经理”，他们既负责单项产品的推出（项目），也负责长期协调多项产品的推出（持续运作）。
　　Programs also involve a series of repetitive or cyclical undertakings. For example:
　　计划还可能涉及一系列重复的或循环执行的任务。例如：
　　Utilities often speak of an annual “construction program,” a series of projects built on previous efforts
　　公用事业部门常说“年度施工计划”，是靠以前的努力建成的一系列项目。
　　Many nonprofit organizations have a “fundraising program,” to obtain financial support involving a series of discrete projects, such as a membership drive or an auction
　　许多非营利性的组织都有“资金筹集计划”，这是为获取资助的一系列需要单个进行的项目，诸如会员征集活动或拍卖活动。
　　Publishing a newspaper or magazine is also a program with each individual issue managed as a project. This is an example of where general operations can become “management by projects”。
　　报刊杂志的出版工作也是计划，每一期都按项目进行管理。出版工作本身是一项持续的业务，但是每期期刊则是其中的一个项目。报刊杂志的出版是一般连续业务“按照项目管理”的一个例子。
　　In contrast with project management, program management is the centralized, coordinated management of a group of projects to achieve the program's strategic objectives and benefits.
　　同项目管理相比，计划管理是为了实现计划的战略目标与利益，而对一组项目进行的统一协调管理。