Portfolios and Portfolio Management
　　综合行动与综合行动管理
　　A portfolio is a collection of projects or programs and other work that are grouped together to facilitate effective management of that work to meet strategic business objectives. The projects or programs in the portfolio may not necessarily be interdependent or directly related. Funding and support can be assigned on the basis of risk/reward categories, specific lines of business, or general types of projects, such as infrastructure and internal process improvement.
　　综合行动是为了便于有效管理以实现战略经营目标，而将项目或计划与其他工作组合后形成的。综合行动中的项目或计划不一定互相依赖或有直接关系，可以根据风险或好处的类型、具体的经营品种或一般类型的项目来分配资金或后勤保证，例如，基础设施与内部流程改进。
　　Organizations manage their portfolios based on specific goals. One goal of portfolio management is to maximize the value of the portfolio by careful examination of candidate projects and programs for inclusion in the portfolio and the timely exclusion of projects not meeting the portfolio's strategic objectives. Other goals are to balance the portfolio among incremental and radical investments and for efficient use of resources. Senior managers or senior management teams typically take on the responsibility of portfolio management for an organization.
　　组织根据具体的目的来管理综合行动。综合行动管理的目的之一是通过慎重选择项目或计划并及时剔除不满足综合行动战略目标的项目，使综合行动的价值达到最大。其他的目的用来权衡逐步投资与基本投资的利弊和有效利用资源。高层管理人员或高层项目管理人员一般承担组织的综合行动管理的责任。
　　Subprojects
　　子项目
　　Projects are frequently divided into more manageable components or subprojects, although the individual subprojects can be referred to as projects and managed as such. Subprojects are often contracted to an external enterprise or to another functional unit in the performing organization. Examples include:
　　项目经常被划分为多个较易管理的组成部分或子项目。单个子项目可以叫做项目并加以管理。子项目常常发包给外部单位或实施组织内部的其他职能单位。下面是子项目的一些例子：
　　Subprojects based on the project process, such as a single phase in the project life cycle
　　根据项目过程规定的子项目，如项目生命期的一个阶段。
　　Subprojects according to human resource skill requirements, such as plumbers or electricians needed on a construction project
　　根据人力资源技能确定的子项目，如施工项目中的水电工人。
　　Subprojects involving specialized technology, such as the automated testing of computer programs on a software development project.
　　需要使用专业技术的子项目，如软件开发项目中的计算机程序自动测试。
　　On very large projects, the subprojects can consist of a series of even smaller subprojects.
　　对于非常大的项目，子项目可以由更小的子项目组成。