Project Stakeholders
　　项目利害关系者
　　Project stakeholders are individuals and organizations that are actively involved in the project,or whose interests may be affected as a result of project execution or project completion.They may also exert influence over the project's objectives and outcomes.The project management team must identify the stakeholders,determine their requirements and expectations,and,to the extent possible,manage their influence in relation to the requirements to ensure a successful project.Figure 2-5 illustrates the relationship between stakeholders and the project team.
　　项目利害关系者就是积极参与项目，或其利益因项目的实施或完成而受到积极或消极影响的个人和组织，他们还会对项目的目标和结果施加影响。项目管理团队必须弄清楚谁是利害关系者，确定他们的要求和期望，然后根据他们的要求对其影响尽力加以管理，确保项目取得成功。图2-5说明了项目利害关系者与项目团队之间的关系。　　

　　Figure 2-5.The Relationship Between Stakeholders and the Project
　　
　　图2-5 利害关系者与项目之间的关系

　　Stakeholders have varying levels of responsibility and authority when participating on a project and these can change over the course of the project's life cycle.Their responsibility and authority range from occasional contributions in surveys and focus groups to full project sponsorship,which includes providing financial and political support.Stakeholders who ignore this responsibility can have a damaging impact on the project objectives.Likewise,project managers who ignore stakeholders can expect a damaging impact on project outcomes.
　　项目利害关系者在参与项目时的责任与权限大小变化很大，并且在项目生命期的不同阶段也会变化。项目利害关系者的责任与权限有时候是偶尔参与调查和重点对象小组，有时候是全力赞助项目，包括提供财力与政治支持。置上述责任与权限于脑后的利害关系者可能会严重影响项目的目标。同样，忽视利害关系者的项目经理也会对项目的结果造成破坏性影响。
　　Sometimes,stakeholder identification can be difficult.For example,some would argue that an assembly-line worker whose future employment depends on the outcome of a new product-design project is a stakeholder.Failure to identify a key stakeholder can cause major problems for a project.For example,late recognition that the legal department was a significant stakeholder in a year 2000 rollover（Y2K）software upgrade project caused many additional documentation tasks to be added to the project's requirements.
　　识别项目利害关系者有时候很困难。例如，某些人会提出将来的就业取决于新产品设计项目的结果的装配线工人是否属于项目利害关系者。不能识别重要的项目利害关系者可能会给项目引发重大问题。例如，在千年虫软件更新项目中，管理者一直到很晚才认识到法律部门是重要的利害关系者，结果是必须在该项目要求说明书中添加许多内容，增加大量文件任务。
　　Stakeholders may have a positive or negative influence on a project.Positive stakeholders are those who would normally benefit from a successful outcome from the project,while negative stakeholders are those who see negative outcomes from the project's success.For example,business leaders from a community that will benefit from an industrial expansion project may be positive stakeholders because they see economic benefit to the community from the project's success.Conversely,environmental groups could be negative stakeholders if they view the project as doing harm to the environment.In the case of positive stakeholders,their interests are best served by helping the project succeed,for example,helping the project obtain the needed permits to proceed.The negative stakeholders'interest would be better served by impeding the project's progress by demanding more extensive environmental reviews.Negative stakeholders are often overlooked by the project team at the risk of failing to bring their projects to a successful end.
　　项目利害关系者对于项目的影响，存在积极和消极的情况都有可能。积极的利害关系者通常是从项目的成功结果中获益者，而消极的利害关系者是从项目的成功中看到消极结果者。同样，忽视利害关系者的项目经理也会对项目的结果造成破坏性影响。例如，某社区从某工业发展项目中获益的商界领袖人物，因为他们看到项目的成功为社区带来的经济利益而可能成为积极的利害关系者。相反，环境保护组织如果认为该项目损坏环境的话，就可能成为消极的利害关系者。对于积极的利害关系者，帮助项目成功能够最好地实现其利益，如帮助项目取得必要的起动许可证。但要求进行更深入的环境评价，阻碍项目的绩效能够最好地实现消极利害关系者的利益。项目团队经常忽略消极利害关系者的利益，其后果是无法使项目到达成功的终点。