Project Management Process Groups
　　项目管理过程组
　　This section identifies and describes the five Project Management Process Groups required for any project.These five Process Groups have clear dependencies and are performed in the same sequence on each project.They are independent of application areas or industry focus.Individual Process Groups and individual constituent processes are often iterated prior to completing the project.Constituent processes also can have interactions both within a Process Group and among Process Groups.
　　本节识别与说明任何一个项目所必需的5个项目管理过程组。这5个项目管理过程组之间的依赖关系很清楚，对于每一个项目都是按照同样的顺序进行的。它们与应用领域或行业关心的重点无关。各个过程组及其子过程在项目完成之前经常被多次反复。子过程在过程组内或过程组之间也相互作用和影响。
　　The symbols for the process flow diagrams are shown in Figure 3-3:
　　绘制过程流程图使用的符号如图3-3所示：
　　Process Groups
　　过程组；
　　Processes within the Process Groups
　　过程组内的子过程；
　　Organizational Process Assets and Enterprise Environmental Factors,shown as inputs to and outputs from the Process Groups,but external to the processes
　　组织过程资产和事业环境因素，是过程组的依据和成果，但其存在于子过程之外；
　　Arrows or line arrows indicate process or data flow among or within the Process Groups.
　　箭头或箭线表示子过程或数据在过程组内或过程组之间的流动。
　　Note:Not all process interactions and data flow among the processes are shown in an effort to make the diagrams more readable.
　　说明：为使本图易于理解，没有将过程间的所有互相作用和相互影响以及数据流表示出来。　

　　Figure 3-3.Flow Chart Legend

　　图3-3绘制流程图的图例

　　The process flow diagram,Figure 3-4,provides an overall summary of the basic flow and interactions among the Process Groups.An individual process may define and constrain how inputs are used to produce outputs for that Process Group.A Process Group includes the constituent project management processes that are linked by the respective inputs and outputs,that is,the result or outcome of one process becomes the input to another.The Monitoring and Controlling Process Group,for example,not only monitors and controls the work being done during a Process Group,but also monitors and controls the entire project effort.The Monitoring and Controlling Process Group must also provide feedback to implement corrective or preventive actions to bring the project into compliance with the project management plan or to appropriately modify the project management plan.Many additional interactions among the Process Groups are likely.The Process Groups are not project phases.Where large or complex projects may be separated into distinct phases or sub-projects such as feasibility study,concept development,design,prototype,build,test,etc.all of the Process Group processes would normally be repeated for each phase or subproject.
　　图3-4中的流程图是过程组之间的基本数据流程和交互作用的粗略概括。其中，某个过程可以定义和制约该过程如何利用依据创造成果。一个过程组包括以各自的依据和成果相互联系的项目管理子过程，也就是说，一个过程的结果或成果变成了另一个过程的依据。例如，监控过程组不仅监视和控制某一过程组正在进行的工作，而且还监视和控制整个项目的成果。监控过程组还必须提供反馈，以便决定是否需要为了使项目符合项目管理计划而实施纠正或预防措施，或者适当地修改项目管理计划。过程组之间也有可能增添许多其他相互关系或相互影响。但是，过程组不是项目阶段。当大项目或复杂项目有可能分解为不同的阶段或者不同的子项目时，如可行性研究、概念推敲、设计、样机或样品、建造、试验等，每一阶段或子项目都要重复过程组的所有子过程。