（4）
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
(1) Depression is a medical disorder characterized by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, pessimism, and a general loss of interest in life, combined with a sense of reduced emotional well-being. Depression is caused by a combination of genetic (inherited), psychological and environmental factors. Depression, especially bipolar disorder, has been shown to run in families. Additionally, having too little or too much of certain neurochemicals in the brain have shown to be the cause of depression. The psychological makeup of a person, such as low self-esteem, pessimism and stress, can also cause depression. (2) Environmental or other associated health factors, such as a serious loss, chronic illness, pregnancy, childbirth, difficult relationships, financial problems, unwelcome changes in life patterns, alcohol, drug abuse and medications can also trigger a depressive episode. About 10 to 15 percent of all depression is caused by medical illness or medicine. Once these conditions are treated or the medication stopped or changed, the depression will usually go away.
Diagnosis of depression involves a psychological/ physical history and evaluation. (3) According to the American Psychiatric Association, if a person experiences a loss of interest in the things they once enjoyed and re feeling sad, blue, or down in the dumps for at least two weeks, and are experiencing at lest five of the other symptoms of depression, they may have major depression. If a person experiences euphoria, euphoria, irritability, or a feeling of being "high" with four other symptoms of mania for at least one week, they may have bipolar disorder.
Treatment usually involves medication, psychotherapy or a combination of both. Other treatments may include electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and alternative treatments. There are more than 20 antidepressant drugs currently available. Antidepressants correct the chemical imbalance in the brain. (4) Because a variety of drugs target different neurotransmitters and imbalances of these neurotransmitters can vary from patient to patient, some drugs may be more effective than others for any individual. Sometimes a combination of drugs is best, Psychotherapy involves talking to family doctor, counselor or therapist about things that are occurring in a person's life. The aim of psychotherapy is to remove all symptoms of depression and return a person to a normal life, ECT, also called electroshock treatment, is used for severely depressed patients and/ or those who have not responded to antidepressant medication and/ or psychotherapy. (5) During this therapy, an electric current travels through electrodes placed on the temples, causing a generalized shock that produces biochemical changes in the brain.
【参考译文】
46. 忧郁症是一种医学上所指的失调现象，其特征为：伤感、无望、悲观，对生活基本失去兴趣，并觉得感情生活不如从前和谐。
47. 环境或其他与健康有关的因素，如重大损失，慢性病，怀孕，生育，关系难处，财务问题，生活方式的不适变化，酗酒，吸毒和药物，也可能引起忧郁症的发生。
48. 根据美国精神病学会的观点，如果一个人至少有两周时间有对过去喜欢的东西不感兴趣，感觉伤心、忧郁或沮丧的经历，并出现至少5种忧郁症的其他症状，那么他就可能患了忧郁症。
49. 因为这些种药物针对不同的神经传送体，而且这些传送体的不平衡状况也因人而异，（所以）有些药品可能对某些人会比对其他人更有效。
50. 在电休克治疗过程中，电流通过置于太阳穴的电极引起电击。电击使大脑产生物化学变化。
