听力材料
　　Questions 1 ~ 10 :
　　Every year there are reports of people dying as the result of extremely hot weather. Many of the victims are old persons, whose hearts or breathing systems decline. But many die from lack of water.
　　Water is necessary for life and good health. We often forget this fact when we think about the other building blocks of life such as vitamins, minerals and proteins. We can live for many days without eating, but two or three days without water usually leads to death.
　　The human body may look solid, but most of it is water. New born babies are as much as 85% water. Women are about 65% water and men a-bout 75%. Women usually have less water than men because women, in general, have more fat cells, and fat cells hold less water than other kinds of ceils. '
　　Water does many different things to keep us healthy, It carries hormones, antibodies and foods through the body, and carries away waste materials. That is why different parts of the body contain different amounts of water. For example, blood is 83% water, muscles are 75% water, the brain is 74%, and bones are 25%.
　　Water is also necessary for cooling the body under hot weather and when we are working hard or exercising, water carries body heat to the surface of the skin, where the heat is lost through perspiration. Researchers say cool liquids cool us faster than warm liquids, because cold liquids take up more heat inside the body and carry it away faster. They say, however, that cold sweet drinks do not work well because the sugar slows the liquid from getting into the blood-stream.
　　Researchers also note that fat cells block body heat from escaping quickly. Fat cells under the skin act like warm clothing to keep body heat inside. This is why overweight people have a more easy time staying cool than thin people.
　　The body loses water every day through perspiration and urine. If we lose too much, we will become sick. A 10% drop in body water can cause the blood system to fail. A 15% ~ 20% drop usually leads to death. To re-place what is lost, health experts say growing persons should drink about 2liters of liquids each day, and more in hot weather. They say we can also get some of the water we need in the foods we eat. Most fruits and vegetables are more than 80% water. Meats are 50% -60% water. And even bread is about 33% water. Water may be one of the most simple of all chemical sub-stances, but it is the most important substance that we put into our bodies.
　　Questions 11 - 13 :
　　Right, everybody. Welcome to Central College library services. My name's Kathy Jenkins. I'll give you a brief introduction to the library. We have a well-stocked bank of resources which are located in three main places: the library itself, with books and periodicals; the self-access language centre, with audio and video material; and the micro-computer lab. I'll start with the micro-computer lab, or micro-lab as we call it. It is fitted with 24personal computers.
　　If you are a member of the library, you may borrow CALL discs in
　　French, German, Italian, Spanish and Russian as well as English, by me way, CALL stands for computer aided language learning: C-A-double L,"CALL", for short. You may also borrow a range of word processing and desktop publishing packages. All disks are, of course, strictly for use in the micro-lab only. If you wish to print anything you should use one of the five machines around the outside of the room. Four are connected to dot man-ix printers, one is connected to the laser printer. If you want a better quality printout from the laser printer, come and see me or any of the library staff.[Dot-matrix printouts are free but there is a charge for using the laser printer. There is always a queue to get to the terminals towards the end of term. Come in and get to know how to use the computers early in the term and use them regularly, rather than just before exams and essay deadlines, in order to avoid delay or disappointment. Training sessions are held on a regular basis, on the first and third Thursday of each month, and are free to full-time students of the college. See you there. Now, any questions?
　　Questions 14 ~ 16 :
　　M: So you really believe that clothes carry a kind of message for other people
　　and that what we put on is in some way a reflection of what we feel?
　　W: Oh yes, very much so. Now people are beginning to take seriously the idea of a kind of psychology of clothing, to believe that there is not just individual taste in our clothes but also a thinking behind what we wear which is trying to express something we may not even be aware of our-selves.
　　M:But surely this has always been the case. We all dress up when we want to impress someone, such as for a job interview with a prospective employer; we then make an effort and put on something smart.
　　W:True, but that's a conscious act. What I am talking about is more of asubconscious thing. Take for example the student who is away from home at college or university: if he tends to wrap himself up more than the others, this is because he is probably feeling homesick. Similarly, a general feeling of insecurity can sometimes take the form of over dressing in warmer clothes than necessary.
　　M:Can you give any other examples'?
　　W : Yes. I think people who are sociable and outgoing tend to dress in an extroverted way, preferring brighter or more dazzling colors yellows, bright reds, and so on. In the same way, what might be seen as a parallel with the animal kingdom, aggressive clothes might indicate an aggressive personality or attitude to life. Think about the threat displays used by animals when they want to warn off opponents.
　　M:Do you think the care or lack of it over the way we actually wear our
　　clothes has anything to tell us'?
　　W:Yes, indeed. The length, for example, of a man's trousers speaks volrunes about his awareness of his own image. Or, if his trousers are too short or hanging loosely, this probably means he's absorbed by other things.
　　Questions 17 ~ 20 :
　　The human nose has given to the languages of the world many interesting expressions. Of course, this is not surprising. Without the nose, we could not breathe nor smell. It is a part of the face that gives a person special character. Cyrano de Bergerac said that a large nose showed a great man courageous, courteous, manly, and intellectual.
　　A famous woman poet wished that she had two noses to smell a rose! Blaise Pascal, a French philosopher, made an interesting comment about Cleopatra's nose. If it had been shorter, he said, it would have changed the whole face of the word!
　　Historically, man's nose has had a principal role in his imagination. Man has referred to the nose in many ways to express his emotions. Expressions concerning the nose refer to human weakness :anger, pride, jealousy and revenge. In English there are a number of phrases about the nose. For example, to hold up one's nose expresses a basic human feeling--pride. People can hold up their noses at people, things, and places.
　　The phrase, to be led around by the nose, shows man's weakness. A person who is led around by the nose lets other people control him. On the other hand, a person who follows his nose lets his instinct guide him.
　　For the human emotion of rejection, the phrase to have one's nose putout of joint is very descriptive. The expression applies to persons who have been turned aside because of a rival. Their pride is hurt and they feel rejected. This expression is not new. It was used by Erasmus in 1542.
　　This is only a sampling of expressions in English dealing with the nose. There are a number of others. However, it should be as plain as the nose on your face that the nose is more than an organ for breathing and smelling!
　　Questions 21 ~ 30 :
　　Last time we started looking at the question of management and wondering what the term actually meant. Then we took a brief look at the concept of scientific management. You remember, we decided it was useful but not enough on its own. So today we're going to look at another aspect--behavioral management. You may not really have come across this word "behavioral" before, though I'm sure you are familiar with the word "behavior". Behavioral simply means having to do with behavior. And that is our starting point for today: We are going to start by realizing that the activity of any organization is human activity, designed to achieve human goals. So we are really talking about human behavior.
　　Any business concern does two things. First, it provides either goods orservices that the customer needs. That is, it either makes things or does things for other people in exchange for money. Second, it provides people with work--and most of us have to work in order to make a living.
　　Work, much as we may sometimes wish we didn't have to do it, or not quite so much of it, has in fact two advantages. First--and I spoke about this last time--it can give us satisfaction. We can be proud of what we are doing--like a craftsman making something beautiful, or a doctor of a nurse helping people who are ill or in pain. This is what I called job satisfaction, and without it I am sure work can become an awful burden. And on a more basic level, work earns us money, which we can use to buy the things we need in order to live, like food and somewhere to live, as well as all the lux-uries we could probably do without but still like to have.
　　Behavioral management is based on a research of how people behave at work. It uses the findings of psychologists and sociologists, and so on. These make a study of individuals and groups to see what things influence the way they behave in different conditions. The results can then be used to de-sign the best conditions in which people will perform--or behave--in the way that a manager wants them to in order to make a business more efficient and to achieve its goals. They have collected a lot of evidence and formulated a lot of theories to help the manager, and there is no doubt that properly understood and applied, this can be very useful.
　　But still we return to the fact that people are individuals, all different from each other, and all--as we say--with minds of their own. So no matter what the manager knows about the way people behave in groups and so on, he has really to treat everyone on his staff as an individual in his own right. Of course, he can be helped in this by knowing how to encourage people to do things, how to stimulate them to behave in a certain way, and so on. A manager can himself be taught how to do this, but however unscientific this may sound, it is more likely that a good manager is born rather than trained. He has some natural ability to recognize what people are likely to do, what abilities they have, and other things like that. Realizing this, and then applying what he has learned about human behavior, is what makes someone a good manager.
　　So behavioral management is management based on an assessment of an individual and the application of what is known about how people in general tend to behave. Like scientific management, it is undoubtedly useful, but not, the complete answer.