听力材料：
　　Questions 1 ~ 10 :
　　Good morning !
　　Urn... As Managing Director of our company I've been asked to say a few words to you today about the way the company is organized. So what I've done is to make a sort of table.., you know.., to show how it is all arranged. It's in your books. Can you find it?
　　OK. Now, not all companies are organized in the same way, of course. They all have more or less the same bits and pieces, but they put them together in different ways. In fact, some Managing Directors are al-ways changing the organization, which can be very disturbing for everybody else and sometimes causes awful hold-ups. Sometimes it's necessary, of course, like when you start making something different or join up with an-other company or something. Anyway, ! think the organization of my company is fairly typical, so let's take a look at how we have organized it.
　　At the top of the scheme, above me, is the Board of Directors. Their job is to administrate the company, make general policies, and so on. There are two kinds of directors, actually. One kind is what we call non-executive directors, which means that they are not full-time employees. They are the sort of people who have some standing in various parts of the business world and are in a position to help the company to succeed. They only appear when there are meetings of the Board, and some of them are on the boards of other companies at the same time. But the second lot of directors--the executive directors--are full-time employees of the company. Most of them are managers of our various departments, and you'll be meeting them later.
　　The absolute head of the company, of course, is the Chairman of the Board. He is appointed by the Board, and his job is to take the chair at meetings of the shareholders and the Board of Directors, and to represent he company's interests at outside functions. He does not take much part in the running of the business. He leaves me to get on with the job. Mind you, not all chairmen are like that. Our last one was a real pain, always wanted everything done his own way and he kept on interfering.., but anyway, that's
　　what the top slot in the scheme is for.
　　Then there's me, the Managing Director, or MD for short--as long as you don't think I'm a doctor of medicine, ha ha... Urn... Now, my job is to coordinate the policies decided by the directors and see that they are car-fled out. I do this through the various managers of departments--departmental managers. At the moment I've got six, and there are slots for them along the line underneath me in your scheme. I don't think they are in any particular order, so we'll start from the left and walk across. Actually, they're all going to come and tell you about their jobs. So I'll just say a few words. And...
　　Right. The first one is...
　　Questions 11 ~ 13 :
　　W:Do you enjoy your work? Do you enjoy meeting people?
　　M:Yes. Sometimes. I've got to be honest. Sometimes.
　　W:So, some people you like and some you don't?
　　M:Yeah, it's like a lot of things, meeting the general public. You get good days, and you get bad days. But I do enjoy the job. I like the freedom of the job, being self-employed.
　　W:Do you ever get difficult passengers?
　　M : Yes, sometimes.
　　W:What sort of things do they get up to?
　　M: I would say sometimes a lot of difficult passengers are people who don't go in cabs a lot and they're unfamiliar with procedures, especially if you work nights. People drinking or the extras that would be included on the tariff after a certain time of night.
　　W:You mean they argue with you over money?
　　M:Yes, that can happen. Or the way.., the good thing is , people can argue about the way that you go on a certain route because they always know better. But nine times out of ten the route that they take you on is far longer so, you know, they're the eventual losers.
　　W:So if you do have a difficult passenger you want to get rid of, what do
　　you do?
　　M:I'd stop the cab and tell them to get out.
　　W: Does that often happen?
　　M:Mmm, it's happened to me three times. And they've got out. So I, I
　　myself haven't had a lot of problems with difficult people, you know.
　　W:When you pick up tourists as passengers, what kind of places do they
　　like to go to?
　　M : I suppose the most famous landmark is Buckingham Palace, the Tower of London, maybe Harrods ;but certainly Buckingham Palace.
　　Questions 14 ~ 16 :
　　In the field of marketing, consumer goods are classed according to the way in which they are purchased. The two main categories are convenience goods and shopping goods. Two lesser types are specialty goods and un-sought goods.
　　People do not spend much time shopping for convenience items such as groceries, newspapers, toothpaste, razor blades, aspirin, and candy. The buying of convenience goods may be done routinely, as some families buy groceries once a week. Such regularly purchased items are called staples. Sometimes convenience products are bought on impulse, for example, some-one has a sudden desire for an ice cream sundae on a hot day. Or they may
　　be purchased as emergency items.
　　Shopping goods are items for which customers search. They compare prices, quality, and styles, and may visit a number of stores before making decisions. Buying an automobile is often done this way.
　　Shopping goods fall into two classes: those that are perceived as basically the same and those that are regarded as different. Items that are looked up-on as basically the same include such things as home appliances, television sets, and automobiles. Having decided on the model desired, the customer is primarily interested in getting the item at the most favorable price. Items regarded as inherently different include clothing, furniture, and dishes. Quality, style and fashion will either take precedence over price, or they will not matter at all.
　　Specialty goods have characteristics that impel customers to make special efforts to find them. Price may be no consideration at all. Specialty goods can include almost any kind of product. Normally, specialty good shave a brand name or other distinguishing characteristics.
　　Unsought goods are items a consumer does not necessarily want or need or may not even know about. Promotion or advertising brings such goods to the consumer's attention. The product could be something new on the market or it may be a fairly standard service, such as life insurance, for which most people will usually not bother shopping.
　　Questions 17 ~ 20 :
　　The expression, "lame duck", can be heard in almost any American town or city, especially where people discuss politics. Most often, they use it to describe a politician who has come to the end of his power.
　　There are a number of ideas as to where "lame duck" came from, though the picture of a lame duck is clear enough: a duck that has had its wings cut, or its feet injured, and can no longer walk like a healthy one.
　　The term seems to have come into the American language after the Civil. War of 1861-1865. One explanation is that it came from the language of hunters who felt that it was foolish to waste powder or time on a dead duck. And a lame duck is close to being a dead duck.
　　Another explanation, however, is that the expression came from Eng-land. There it was used to describe a man who lost all his money and could not pay his debts. He could do nothing but walk like a lame duck. And people showed little mercy for the poor fellow.
　　But in the United States people took the phrase to describe congressman
　　who failed to get re-elected but still had a little time left in office.
　　Later, the expression was used in a broader sense, generally describing any man whose days of power were coming to an end. It has often been used to describe the position of an American president in the last two years or so of his second term. It is a difficult time for him, when Congress is ready to oppose him at every turn.
　　Questions 21 ~ 30 :
　　Imagine you are a high school principal. A teacher bursts breathlessly into your office. "There's a fist fight in the dining-room, "she gasps. The responsibility is yours to stop the fight. How do you meet it?
　　( l ) Perhaps you, as a youngster, took part in fights and your present-day ties with students are warm and strong. You can stop the fight because your prestige is high among them.
　　(2) You have a plan prepared. Other schools have been disrupted so
　　you have already planned a way to stop any fight.
　　(3) You are totally confident of your ability in a crisis. You are ready to stride into the lunchroom and take charge without a single qualm. Stopping the fight will be easy.
　　(4) You fervently wish that you could delegate the job since you know that you're not a talented peacemaker. You wish you could return to the job of planning for the school's need ten years hence.
　　One of these four reactions would be the first you'd feel, but only one--not two or three of them, say three psychologists. These psychologists--Dr. Harriet Mann, Dr. Humphrey Osmond and Miriam Siegler--have come up with a scheme for sorting people regardless of their education, age or situation.
　　The concept is based on the premise that all people have a basic way of seeing time. Each of us is predisposed to see all events from time vantage point. Either it reminds you of the past ( past-oriented), how the event fits into today, yesterday, and tomorrow (time line), what it is today (present), or how it will develop(future).
　　The three began working in 1968 when Dr. Mann and Mrs. Siegler were assistants to Dr. Osmond, director, at the Bureau of Research, New Jersey Neuro.-Psychiatric Institute in Princeton. Dr. Osmond is currently devising ways to make empirical studies of the theory and Dr. Mann is in Cam-bridge, Massachusetts, writing a book on the Worlds of Time. Their take-off point was an interest in observations made by Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung, who described in the 1920s the temperamental differences off our psychological types. Jung is known as the founder of analytic psychology. Since Jung's work in 1921, however, no one had conceived of a theoretical framework that would account for the four types. Without such a framework, there was no possibility of substantiating that people of different types experience the world very differently.
　　Time and space are the touchstones in the system. Each person, after all, uses his time somehow and exists within and acts upon the space around him. Dr. Mann, and company propose that certain traits are shared by per-sons falling in each of the four categories.
　　The first type, the past type, sees time as being circular. For him, the past crops up in the present and then returns to the past as a memory. He en-joys collecting souvenirs and keeping diaries. He tells stories about Great Aunt Hattie and always remembers your birthday.
　　Past types are pegged by this system as emotional people who see the world in a highly subjective way. For instance, School Principal I (past type) could identify with the fight and know how to handle it because of some past experience--whether it be similar fights as a child himself or ones previously dealt with as the school principal. In addition, past. types usually follow strict moral codes and often are valued more for what they are than for what they do. This quality itself--because it lends authoritarian strength to one who possesses it--might cause the students to quit fighting. Past types often have been found to be skillful at assessing the exact emotional tenor of an event and are adept at influencing others' emotions, according to the Mann group.
　　Research reveals that many past-oriented people are flexible in early years when they do not have much of a personal, past to draw upon. However, the dash of youth is often replaced by a need for stability and usually is rooted by age thirty-five or so. From this age onward, they are conservatives.
　　"They need to see things in the ways which were popular, fashionable and appropriate in their youth days, "explains Dr. Mann. This applies, with exceptions of course, to personal taste in clothing fashions, music appreciation, and other social and environmental factors. In short, the past type often clings to the well-established way with nostalgic fervor. Also, the past type finds it difficult to be punctual since the on-going feeling is more important than his next task.
　　The goal of these people is to "develop a language of the heart, rather than of the mind. To develop those techniques which make memories live, and to dignify any act of remembrance; those are the essential concerns of past-oriented types, "explain the authors in Journal of Analytical Psvchology.