PASSAGE 4

　　Urban life has always involved a balancing of opportunities and rewardsagainst dangers and stress; its motivating force is, in the broadest s_ense, money. Opportunities to make money mean competition and competit_ion is stressful; it is often at its most intense in the largest cities, where opportunities are greatest. The presence of huge numbers of pe_ople inevitable involves more conflict, more traveling, the overloadingof public services and exposure to those deviants and criminals who aredrawn to the rich pickings of great cities. Crime has always flourishedin the relative anonymity of urban life, but today's ease of movement makes its control more difficult than ever; there is much evidence thatits extent has a direct relationship to the size of communities. City dwellers may become trapped in their homes by the fear of crime around them.

　　As a defense against these developments city dwellers tend to use vari_ous strategies to try and reduce the pressures upon themselves: contac_ts with other people are generally made brief and impersonal; doors arekept locked; telephone numbers may be ex-directory; journeys outside th_e home are usually hurried, rather than a source of pleasure. There are other strategies too, which are positively harmful to the individual; f_or example, reducing awareness through drugs or alcohol. Furthermore, a_ll these defensive forms of behavior are harmful to society in general; they cause widespread loneliness and destroy the community's concern for its members. Lack of informal social contact and indifference to the mi_sfortunes of others, if they are not personally known to oneself, are a_mongst the major causes of urban crime.

　　36. According to the author, living in a city causes stress because the_

　　re are so many people who are _____.

　　A. anxious to succeed

　　B. in need of help

　　C. naturally aggressive

　　D. likely to commit crime

　　37. The author thinks that crime is increasing in cities because _____.

　　A. people do not communicate with their neighbors

　　B. Criminals are difficult to trace in large population

　　C. People feel anonymous there

　　D. The trappings of success are attractive to criminals

　　38. According to the article, what is the worst problem facing people living in cities?

　　A. crime

　　B. finding somewhere to live

　　C. loneliness

　　D. drugs and alcoholism

　　39. The biggest incentive to live in a city is_______

　　A. rewards

　　B. stress

　　C. competition

　　D. money

　　40. According to the author, crime is caused by several factors, oneof which is _____

　　A. social isolation

　　B. defensive behavior

　　C. hurried journeys

　　D. personal misfortune