TEST 1
　　SECTION I
　　Time 35 minutes 25 Questions
　　Directions： The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions， more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However， you are to choose the best answer; that is， the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible， superfluous， or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer， blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.
　　1. Mr. West： Well， Ms. Smith， by how much do you plan to increase your donation to the cultural society this year？ You know how many worthwhile projects we do.
　　Ms. Smith： I’m not so sure of that. I was very upset about the statue you purchased last month. I think I’ll give no more money to your cause.
　　Mr. West： That’s all right： we’ll just put you down for the same amount that you gave last year.
　　Which one of the following words or phrases has been misinterpreted in the conversation？
　　（A） “increase”
　　（B） “you know”
　　（C） “worthwhile”
　　（D） “no more”（D）
　　（E） “same amount”
　　2. Handwriting analysis—also known as graphology—is a poor way to predict personality types， even though it is used by 3，000 United States firms and by a majority of European companies. In a recent study， five graphologists scored no better than chance in predicting the occupations of forty professionals.
　　Which one of the following is an assumption necessary to the argument？
　　（A） People in the same occupation usually do not have the same personality type.
　　（B） Graphology is an effective means of predicting personality types in non-business contexts.
　　（C） There are more United States firms that do not use graphology than all the United States and European firms that do use it.
　　（D） There are several other techniques for predicting personality types that are more accurate than graphology.（E）
　　（E） There is a correspondence between type of personality and choice of occupation.
　　Questions 3-4
　　The simple facts are these： the number of people killed each year by grizzly bears is about the same as the number of people killed by lightning on golf courses. And the number of people killed by lightning on golf courses each year is about the same as the number of people electrocuted by electric blenders. All the horrible myths and gruesome stories aside， therefore， a grizzly bear is in fact about as dangerous as an electric blender or a game of golf.
　　3. Which one of the following is an assumption that the author relies upon in the passage？
　　（A） Most incidents involving grizzly bears are fatal.
　　（B） Grizzly bears are no longer the danger they once were.
　　（C） The number of fatalities per year is an adequate indication of something’s dangerousness.
　　（D） A golf course is a particularly dangerous place to be in a thunderstorm.（C）
　　（E） Something is dangerous only if it results in death in the majority of cases.
　　4. Which one of the following， if true， would most effectively undermine the author’s argument？
　　（A） Although the number of people killed by lightning on golf courses each year is very small， the total number of lightning fatalities is many times greater.
　　（B） Electric blenders are among the safest household appliances; were the author to compare fatalities from electrical appliances in general， she would get a much higher figure.
　　（C） Most people would rather take their chances with blenders and golf games than with grizzly bears.
　　（D） Bears in general—including black， brown， and cinnamon bears， as well as grizzly bears—kill many more people than do electric blenders.（E）
　　（E） Statistics show that the number of times people use electric blenders each year exceeds the number of times people play golf each year， which in turn far exceeds the number of contacts people have with grizzly bears each year.
　　5. Emperor： The enemy empire across the sea has harassed us for centuries. I want to conquer it and stop it once and for all. What advice can you give me？
　　Admiral： If you cross the sea， a mighty empire will fall.
　　Emperor： In that case， prepare the troops. We set sail tonight.
　　Of the following， the strongest criticism of the Emperor’s decision to invade would be that it
　　（A） is certain to lead to the emperor’s defeat
　　（B） is based on opinion rather than objective facts about troop strength
　　（C） contradicts the Admiral’s statement
　　（D） fails to consider fully the possible meanings of the Admiral’s advice（D）
　　（E） is a futile strategy for solving the problem at hand
　　6. No senator spoke at the convention unless he or she was a Democrat. No Democrat both spoke at the convention and was a senator.
　　Which one of the following conclusions can be correctly drawn from the statements above？
　　（A） No one but senators spoke at the convention.
　　（B） No Democrat spoke at the convention.
　　（C） Only Democrats spoke at the convention.
　　（D） No senator spoke at the convention.（D）
　　（E） Some Democrat senators spoke at the convention.
　　7. If Sarah were a concert pianist for a major orchestra， she would be famous. She is not a concert pianist since she is not famous.
　　The conclusion above is unsound because the author does not consider that
　　（A） Sarah could be a famous actress.
　　（B） Sarah could be a harpist for a major orchestra.
　　（C） Sarah could be a pianist with a rock group.
　　（D） Sarah could be a concert pianist with a minor orchestra.（D）
　　（E） Sarah could be famous for another reason.
　　8. Neuroscientists are making progress in discovering more about the cause of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease patients suffer from dementia and sever memory loss. Autopsies performed on such patients have revealed the presence of brain lesions caused by abnormal protein deposits. Similar deposits are also found in the brains of elderly patients who do not suffer from Alzheimer’s disease. It follows that everyone who lives long enough will eventually develop Alzheimer’s disease.
　　Which one of the following statements， if true， most seriously undermines the conclusion that everyone who lives long enough will eventually develop Alzheimer’s disease？
　　（A） The lesions found in the brains of non-Alzheimer’s disease patients are far less extensive than those found in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients.
　　（B） The developing brain produces a greater number of cells than it will ever use. The extra cells are later destroyed by what biologists call “programmed cell death.”
　　（C） The procedure that allows scientists to discover the presence of protein deposits during an autopsy is not yet refined enough to ensure detection of the lesions in all patients.
　　（D） Autopsies have shown that some people lack the chemical necessary for protein deposits to cause brain lesions.（D）
　　（E） Though most Alzheimer’s disease patients develop the disease when they are in their late fifties to early seventies， the frequency of patients who develop the disease in their forties is on the rise.
　　9. Free public education is the best form of education there is. Therefore， we must fight to ensure its continued existence; that is， we must be ready to defend the principle of equality of educational opportunity. Because this principle is we worth defending， it is clear that free public education is better than any other form of education.
　　Which one of the following illustrates the same weak reasoning as found in the passage？
　　（A） I love music， and that’s why I listen to it constantly. I have my stereo or radio on every waking minute. Since I play music all the time， I must really love it.
　　（B） Books are my most valuable possessions. My books are like my friends—each pleases me in different ways. Just as I would give up everything to save my friends， so too with my books.
　　（C） I would much rather be poor and respected than be rich and despised. To have the respect of others is far more valuable than to have millions of dollars.
　　（D） I have never been betrayed by any of my friends. They have been true to me through good times and bad. Therefore I will never betray any of my friends.（A）
　　（E） Because every plant I have ever seen has green leaves， I have concluded that all plants must have green leaves. This looks like a plant but it does not have green leaves， so it cannot be a plant.
　　10. Some people say that the scarcity of food is a function of the finite limits of the earth’s resources， coupled with a relentless rate of population growth. This analysis fails to recognize， however， that much of the world’s agricultural resources are used to feed livestock instead of people. In the United States， for example， almost one-half of the agricultural acreage is devoted to crops fed to livestock. A steer reduces twenty-one pounds of inexpensive grain to one pound of expensive meat. Thus， the scarcity of food is not merely a function of limited resources and population growth.
　　Which one of the following is an assumption that would allow the conclusion in the argument to be properly drawn？
　　（A） People prefer eating meat to eating grain.
　　（B） Meat is twenty-one times more expensive than grain.
　　（C） The limits of the earth’s agricultural resources are not finite.
　　（D） More than one-half of the agricultural acreage in the United States is devoted to crops fed to humans.（E）
　　（E） Growing crops for human consumption on the acreage currently devoted to crops for livestock will yield more food for more people.
　　11. Hanifah： A recent survey shows that there are fewer people who drive only on weekends than there are people who drive to work each weekday. As a result， weekend-only drives are involved in fewer accidents. Therefore， insurance rates should be adjusted so that rates would be significantly higher for the regular commuters.
　　Katsu： I can’t agree with your conclusion. The same study also showed that， although weekend-only drives are involved in fewer accidents， when considered on the basis of accidents-per-mile-driven their records are worse than those of regular commuters. Therefore， insurance rates should be adjusted to increase the rates of weekend-only drivers over those of regular commuters.
　　In the conversation above， Katsu does which one of the following？
　　（A） Katsu disagrees with each of the premises of the argument that Hanifah offers.
　　（B） Katsu cites additional evidence stating that weekend-only drivers are actually involved in a greater number of accidents than regular commuters.
　　（C） Katsu accuses Hanifah of using inaccurate statistical information.
　　（D） Katsu proves that Hanifah didn’t read the entire report that was cited.（E）
　　（E） Katsu disagrees with Hanifah over how accident records are to be evaluated for insurance rates.
　　12. If Country X does not intervene militarily in Country Y， then the whole region will definitely fall under enemy influence.
　　It most logically follows from the statement above that， if Country X does intervene militarily in Country Y， then the whole region
　　（A） Will definitely fall under enemy influence
　　（B） Will probably fall under enemy influence
　　（C） Will probably not fall under enemy influence
　　（D） Will definitely not fall under enemy influence（E）
　　（E） May or may not fall under enemy influence
　　13. Top college graduates are having more difficulty demonstrating their superiority to prospective employers than did the top students of twenty years ago when an honors degree was distinction enough. Today’s employers are less impressed with the honors degree. Twenty years ago no more than 10 percent of a given class graduated with honors. Today， however， because of grade inflation， the honors degree goes to more than 50 percent of a graduating class. Therefore， to restore confidence in the degrees they award， colleges must take steps to control grade inflation.
　　Which one of the following is an assumption that， if true， would support the conclusion in the passage？
　　（A） Today’s students are not higher achievers than the students of twenty years ago.
　　（B） Awarding too many honors degrees causes colleges to inflate grades.
　　（C） Today’s employers rely on honors ranking in making their hiring decisions.
　　（D） It is not easy for students with low grades to obtain jobs.（A）
　　（E） Colleges must make employers aware of the criteria used to determine who receives an honors degree.
　　14. Either Perry’s faction or Tucker’s faction， but not both， will win control of the government. If Perry’s faction wins， the nation will suffer economically. If Tucker’s faction wins， the nation will suffer militarily.
　　Given the statements in the passage， which one of the following statements must be true？
　　（A） It is possible， but not certain， that the nation will neither suffer economically nor suffer militarily.
　　（B） If the nation suffers economically， it is certain that Perry’s faction has won control of the government.
　　（C） It is certain that the nation will suffer either economically or militarily， and also certain that it will not suffer both.
　　（D） If the nation suffers militarily， it is possible， but not certain， that Tucker’s faction has won control of the government.（D）
　　（E） If the nation suffers both economically and militarily， it is certain that neither Perry’s faction nor Tucker’s has won control of the government.

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