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　　一、Transport Geography 运输地理学
　　 英文原文：An international freight forwarder should be familiar with international trade routes. He or she should have knowledge of main traffic routes, location of ports, transshipment points and inland centers.
　　注释：be familiar with: 熟悉... trade routes: 贸易线路 knowledge: 知识 (have knowledge of: 具备...知识，可以引申为“了解，熟悉” traffic routes: 运输线路 location: 位置 transshipment points: 转运地 inland centers: 内陆中心
　　中文意思：国际货运代理人应熟悉国际贸易线路。他(她)应该熟悉主要的交通线路，港口的位置，转运地和内陆中心。
　　英文原文：A freight forwarder should also have a general idea of the pattern of international trade and its changing trends.
　　注释：idea: 概念，主意，明白 pattern: 型式，模式 trend: 走向，方向，趋势，倾向
　　中文意思:　一个货运代理人应该对国际贸易的模式和其改变的趋势有一个整体的概念。
　　 二、Different Types of shipping services 不同类型的海上运输服务
　　 1、国际海洋运输的类型
　　英文原文：The international shipping market offers four types of service, namely, conference lines, non-conference lines, non-vessel operation common carriers and tramp service.
　　注释：namely: 即，就是，换句话说(=that is) conference lines:　班轮公会运输　non-conference lines:　非班轮公会运输　non-vessel operation common carriers: 无营运船公共承运人　tramp service:　不定期船运输　(tramp: 在这里是指的“不定期航行”)
　　中文意思：国际海上运输市场提供了四种类型的服务，即班轮公会运输，非班轮公会运输，无营运船公共承运人和不定期船运输
　　 2、四种类型海洋运输服务的具体介绍
　　 1) Conference Lines 班轮公会运输　(考试重点)
　　 英文原文：A shipping conference is a group of shipping lines operating in any particular route under agreement to provide a scheduled service with a common tariff and a fixed itinerary of ports of call.(班轮公会的定义，了解一下)
　　注释：shipping conference:班轮公会　group: 团体，集团　shipping lines: 班轮运输　operating: 运行的，操作的　particular: 特殊的，特定的　under agreement: 按照协议的，在这里引申为“预定的” scheduled: 按船期表的　tariff:费率表　fixed:固定的　itinerary:路线，旅行计划　ports of call: 挂靠港，停靠港
　　中文意思：班轮公会是按预定的船期表在特定的航线上从事营运的班轮公司的组织，具有共同的费率表、固定的挂靠港。
　　英文原文: The purpose of a shipping conference is to eliminate price competition among member lines and reduce outside competition by trying to capture most of the traffic for member lines through loyalty arrangements with shippers.  
  注释：purpose:目的　eliminate：消除，除去　price competition: 运价竞争　member lines: 会员公司　reduce:减少　outside competition: 外部竞争　capture:获得，争取　traffic: 在这里是“买卖，交易”的意思　loyalty: 忠诚，忠实(loyalty arrangements: 忠诚协议)　shipper:托运人 
　　中文意思：班轮运输的目的是消除会员公司之间在运价上的竞争，通过与托运人之间达成的忠诚协议为会员争取大量货源，以减少外部竞争。
　　对于托运人来说班轮公会运输的优势(两点)：
　　 a) Stability of freight rates.　稳定的运费率　(注释：stability: 稳定，稳定性)
　　 b) Regularity of services.　定期的运输服务　(注释：regularity:定期，规则，规则性)
　　班轮公会运输的缺点(三点)：
　　 a) Rates are usually high. 费率一般很高
　　 b) Rates do not fluctuate according to supply and demand as in a tramp service.费率不会像不定期船那样随供求关系的变化而变动。(注释：fluctuate:变化，变动;supply and demand:供求)
　　 c) Rules and procedures are inflexible.规则和程序不灵活(rules:规则;procedure:程序，手续;inflexible:不灵活的)
　　 2) Non-conference lines 非班轮公会运输
　　 英文原文：In recent years, along most international routes, non-conference lines have posed a challenge to conference system. This is attributable to the development of containerization and emergence of many independent carriers.
　　注释：in recent years: 近几年　along: 沿着　pose a challenge to: 对...提出挑战 attributable: 可归于...的(be attributable to: 可归因于) containerization: 集装箱运输，集装箱化　emergence:　出现，发生　independent carriers: 独立承运人
　　中文意思：近几年，出现在大多数国际航线上的非班轮公会运输，对班轮公会提出了挑战。这是由于集装箱运输的发展和许多独立承运人的出现。
　　英文原文：As a result, along some routes, the conference lines have been forced to come to terms with the non-conference lines in regard to rates, and terms and condition of service.
　　注释：as a result:　结果　be forced to:　被迫去做...　come to terms:　达成协议，妥协，让步　in regard to: 关于　terms: 价钱，费用　condition:　条件
　　中文意思：结果航运公会被迫在运价、运输条件上和非班轮公会公司达成协议。
　　 3) Non-vessel operating common carrier (NVOCC) 无营运船公共承运人
　　 英文原文：An NVOCC is a carrier who operates a regular scheduled service. He does not own or operate the vessels by which sea transportation is provided. (无船承运人的定义，了解一下)
　　注释：operate: 营运　vessel: 船舶 sea transportation: 海上运输
　　中文意思：无船承运人是从事定期营运的承运人，但并不拥有或经营海上运输所需的船舶。
　　英文原文：Although the NVOCC is a carrier in his relationship with the actual shipper, he is a shipper in his relationship with the actual carrier.(考点)
　　注释：in relationship with: 与...的关系
　　课文意思：尽管无船承运人相对于实际托运人是承运人，而相对于实际承运人是托运人。
　　英文原文：He assumes the role of the principal and performs several functions. He assumes responsibility for ocean carriers, both conference and non-conference lines.
　　注释：assume: 担任，承担 principal: 负责人 function: 职责，功能，作用，效力 assume responsibility: 负责，承担责任ocean carrier: 海洋承运人
　　中文意思：(无船承运人)担任负责人的角色并履行一些职责。(无船承运人)对海洋承运人负责，包括班轮运输和非班轮运输
　　英文原文：He renders a useful service by providing groupage or consolidation services, particularly to small shippers who do not have much bargaining power in negotiating rates.
　　注释：render: 给与 groupage: 拼箱，成组 consolidation: 合并运输 bargaining: 讨价还价 negotiating rate: 谈判价
　　中文意思：(无船承运人)通过拼箱或者合并运输业务提供有效的服务，特别是对那些在谈判价格中没有多少讨价还价能力的小的托运人。
　　 4)Tramp service 不定期船运输
　　 英文原文：Tramp service has no fixed itinerary or schedule and is operated on any route according to supply and demand. Tramp vessels are usually chartered at negotiated rates, particularly when the quantity of cargo is large.
　　注释：according to ：根据，按照 charter: 租赁，包租
　　中文意思：不定期船运输没有固定的路线或者船期表，根据供求情况在任何线路上营运。通常是在谈判价格下租赁不定期船船舶，特别是当货物的数量很大的时候。