GMAT阅读备考指导：阅读考查能力和阅读思维浅谈

　　实例解析2

　　(2)Understand the logical relationships between significant points and concepts. This type of questions may ask you to determine the strong and weak points of an argument or to evaluate the importance of arguments and ideas in a passage. 简单来说，考查考生理解观点逻辑关系的能力，即此类问题需要考生评价文中某一观点的优点和缺点或者评价文中观点的重要性。

　　例如，在美国历史上，女性经常从事低工资、低技能的工作这种社会现象，经济学家提出了三种理论来解释。先提出A解释，说不能有效解释这种现象;然后提出B解释，将B解释也否定了;最后提出C解释，认为是合理的解释，可以有效解释女性经常从事低工资、低技能的工作这种社会现象。

　　现在我们来看看对A、B、C三种解释的评价：A解释是负评价;B解释是大负小正评价，整体是将B否定的，所以是大负的评价。那为什么B解释会有小正评价呢?因为后提出B解释，说明B有优于A解释的地方，所以B解释有小正评价;C解释正评价。具体看看一篇文章：

　　During the 1960’s and 1970’s, the primary economic development strategy of local governments in the United States was to attract manufacturing industries. Unfortunately, this strategy was usually implemented at another community’s expense. Through the transfer of jobs and related revenues that resulted from this practice, one town’s triumph could become another town’s tragedy.

　　In the 1980’s the strategy shifted from this zero-sum game (A situation in which a gain by one person or side must be matched by a loss by another person or side) to one called “high-technology development,” in which local governments competed to attract newly formed high-technology manufacturing firms. Although this approach was preferable to victimizing other geographical areas by taking their jobs, it also had its shortcomings.

　　Recently, local governments have increasingly come to recognize the advantages of yet a third strategy: the promotion of homegrown small businesses.

　　上面文章对于第一段谈到的经济发展战略manufacturing industries是负评价，由unfortunately看出来;对于第二段谈到的经济发展战略high-technology development是大负小正评价，有Although…preferable(+), shortconmg(-)看出来;对于第三段谈到的经济发展战略homegrown small businesses是正评价，由advantages看出来。

　　了解上面的逻辑关系对于了解阅读出题重点和快速阅读法有重要意义。GMAT作者的倾向越向后越强，由此可以有下面的应试技巧：若一个自然段出现两个观点，阅读重心向后转移，第一个观点可以快速浏览或跳读。例如：

　　The general density dependence model can be applied to explain the founding of specialist firms (those attempting to serve a narrow target market). According to this model, specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between legitimation and competitive forces, both of which are functions of the density (total number) of firms in a particular specialist population. Legitimation occurs as a new type of firm moves from being viewed as unfamiliar to being viewed as a natural way to organize. At low density levels, each founding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entry and easing subsequent foundings. Competition occurs because the resources that firms seek--customers, suppliers, and employees--are limited, but as long as density is low relative to plentiful resources, the addition of another firm has a negligible impact on the intensity of competition. At high density levels, however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings. The more numerous the competitors, the fiercer the competition will be and the smaller will be the incentive for new firms to enter the field.

　　文中前面谈到At low density levels，后面谈到At high density levels，根据上面的方法，从At the low density levels…intensity of competition的文字可以直接跳读。另外，从At high density levels后面的强转折词however,也可以看出后面是考查重点。

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