We used to look at money with an intrinsic value as metal．A revolutionary new concept appeared in Britain when
　　paper money was first used there．
　　In this country the first paper money was the bank note developed by the early goldsmith bankers．In the seventh century，they gave receipts to people who put money in their places for safe keeping．Then they noticed that sometimes the receipts were given by the original holder to a second person to whom he owed a debt．And this person would bring the receipt to the bankers to take gold in its place．The practice became formalized as the bankers began to issue notes for fixed amounts — ￡10，￡50，￡100 and so on．These fixed amounts of notes were payable to anyone who held them．
　　The great importance in development of the bank note was that the value of this new money depended on the credit of the banker who issued it．Anyone who took a banker’s note in payment of a debt was relying on the integrity of the banker and whether he was a good business man．He must have enough gold to back his notes；if he failed to give enough gold to those holding notes，he went broke and those people also lost money．
　　For two centuries，the dangers of paper money and different forms of control were discussed．Finally the Bank of England began to take over the note issue in England and Wales；in the 1ater half of the nineteenth century this process became faster，and by 1921 the whole of the note issue was controlled by the Bank．There people no longer felt worried about the failure of the Bank as before．
　　New Words & Terms
　　intrinsic a．内在的，固有的，本质的
　　goldsmith n．金匠
　　banker n．银行家；经营银行业务者 concept n．概念
　　receipt n．收据；收入；收到 note
　　n．纸币；票据
　　original a．原先的；最早的
　　formalize [ ：molaiz] v．使成为正式；使有效
　　credit n．(个人，公司对于偿债方面的)信用，信誉；信用贷款
　　payment n．付款，支付
　　issue n．v．发行(邮票、钞票、股票)
　　integrity n．正直；诚实
　　 back v．支持；拥护
　　amount n．总额；总计；数量
　　broke a．身无分文的，破了产的
　　payable a．应付的；可付的
　　process n．过程；步骤；程序
　　Phrases
　　depend on依赖
　　takeover接管，接收，接管；取而代之
　　rely on信赖，依赖
　　no longer不再
　　Proper Names
　　Britain大不列颠(包括英格兰、威尔士及苏格兰) Bank of England英格兰银行
　　Wales威尔士
　　Notes
　　1．Money with an intrinsic value as metal：the value of the metal in the money．
　　货币的内在价值(指其所含金属的价值)。
　　2．Then they noticed that sometimes the receipts were given by the original holder to a second person to whom he owed a debt．
　　于是，他们发现，如果最初持收据的人欠债的话，有时他会把收据给债主用以偿还债务。
　　3．And this person would bring the receipt to the bankers to take gold in its place．
　　接着这个(债主)将把收据拿到银行家那里去换回等值的黄金。
　　4．He went broke．
　　他破产了／不名一文了。
　“go”为系动词，“变得”，“成为”。
　　如：go blind 失明 go mad 疯了 go bankrupt 破产
　　Exercises to the Text
　　I．Answer the following questions．
　　1．What does the writer mean by a revolutionary new concept?
　　2．What was the first paper money in Britain? Who developed it?
　　3．In which century did the first paper money first appear?
　　4．How was the first paper money developed?
　　5．How did the paper money become formalized?
　　6．What was the great importance in the development Of the bank note?
　　7．How do you understand“Anyone who took a banker’s note in payment of a debt was relying on the integrity of the banker?”
　　8．Do you think paper money can be dangerous?
　　9．What steps were taken in England and Wales to contr01 the note issue according to the text?
　　10．When and by which bank was the whole of the note issue controlled?
　　Ⅱ．Match the words or phrases in Column A with those in
　　Column B．
　　A
　　B
　　1．intrinsic
　　a．written statement that sth．(money or goods) has been received
　　2．note
　　b．existing within，not from outside
　　3．Receipt c．sum of money to be paid
　　4．credit
　　d．publish (books)；put stamps，banknotes into circulation
　　5．banker
　　e．become penniless
　　6．go broke
　　f．belief of others that a person，business company，etc．can pay debts
　　7．issue
　　g．a person who owns or as a partner of a bank
　　8．fixed amounts h．paper money
　　9．payment of a debt i．quantity
　 Ⅲ．Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below．Change the form if necessary．

　　1．Was it in 1948 that the Government ____________ the railways in Britain?
　　2．Leave your jewels (珠宝) in the bank for _____________ while you are on holiday．
　　3．Visitors to China during the twelfth and thirteenth century were impressed (印象深刻) by the use of ___________ they had never used before．
　　4．People’s Bank of China is the central bank of China and is responsible for ___________ Reminbi．
　　5．Can check be used in ___________ for rent?
　　6．On this occasion a discount (折扣) will be allowed；but in future the full price will be __________ ．
　　7．Since the liberation of China in l949，the Forbidden City (紫禁城) has been _____________ forbidden to all the Chinese as well as foreign visitors．
　　8．It’s really hard to tell the _______________ of this big diamond．
　　9．The credit of that bank can _____________ ．
　　10．If you go on 1ike that，your company will _______________
　　．
　　Ⅳ．Fill in the missing words with the words given．Change the form if necessary．

 
　　Paper money was first used in China in the eighth
　　century．The earliest paper money was ________ that were
　　___________ either for valuables deposited (存放) at special
　　shops for safekeeping __________ taxes paid in kind
　　(以实物)．Visitors to China during the twelfth and thirteenth
　　centuries were impressed the use of paper money．Marco Polo
　　regarded the invention of paper money __________ a new
　　_________ of doing what the alchemists (炼金术士) had tried．In the
　　thirteenth century the government of Genghis Khan (成吉思汗)
　　____________ its paper notes for gold，and counterfeiting (伪造)
　　paper money was a serious offense (犯罪) ． _____________ governmental units in China had given__________ the issuance of paper money by the year l500，private banks _____________ to issue it．
　　V．Translate the following sentences．
　　1．This bank used to be private．When was it taken over by
　　the government?
　　2．The old man depended on his daughter to keep house．
　　3．From then on，people no longer felt worried about the failure of the bank as before．
　　4．The great importance of the banknote was that the value of this new money depended on the credit of the banker who issued it．
　　5．These fixed amounts of notes were payable to anyone who held them．
　　6．50年代初，中国的许多私人的公司、银行都被政府接管了。
　　7．中国是世界上最早使用纸币的国家。
　　8．在大萧条(depression)期间，许多银行破产，工厂倒闭。
　　9．这是一笔大数目，付款后请开具收据。(make out)
　　10．7世纪时，早期的金匠们给那些让他们保管钱币的人们开具收据。