2011英语三级考试语法辅导：具副词功能的过去分词
　　和现在分词及短语一样，过去分词（past participles）或过去分词短语（past participial phrases）也可以充当副词，修饰谓语动词。
　　过去分词短语可以表达下列四种意思：
　　㈠方法或活动方式，如：来源：考试大
　　● He walked up and down， lost in thought.
　　● I sat before the desk until after mid-night， absorbed in writing.
　　● Surrounded by a host of fans， the film star left the airport excitedly.
　　㈡原因，如：
　　● Greatly disappointed， some staff decided to leave the place.
　　● Taken by surprise， the enemy surrendered.
　　㈢时间，如：
　　● Born and bred in a turbulent age， the older generation of people experienced all sorts of hardships.
　　● Thrown to the floor， the boy regained his footing a few minutes later.
　　㈣条件，如：
　　● Given more time， the slow learners would have done better.
　　● Criticised by someone else， Tony would not have flared up like that.
　　除了直接修饰动词之外，过去分词或短
　　语也可以和连词合组成短语，表示下列四种意思：
　　1.由 when， whenever， while， until 等连词引导，表示“ 时间”，如：
　　● When asked about his previous job， Bill said he had been a motor mechanic.
　　● Susan seldom speaks in class until spoken to.
　　2.由 where， wherever 连词引导，表示“地点”，如：
　　● Mosquitoes should be completely exterminated where found.
　　● Retirees in good health should be invited to return to work wherever needed.
　　3.由 if， unless 引导，表示“条件”，如：
　　● If kept for too long， some medicines will lose their effectiveness.
　　● We have made a point of not attacking unless attacked.
　　4.由 though， although， even though 连词引导，表示“让步 ”，如：
　　● Though warned of the danger， they still went mountaineering.
　　● Even though defeated for a second time， our team did not give up hope for the ultimate victory.
　　此外，过去分词短语还可以和介词“with”或“without”连用，具副词作用。如：
　　● With the water pipe choked， there wasn‘t any more water for use.
　　● Without anything left in the kitchen， the Wangs decided to eat out.
　　最后，过去分词短语，在适当情况下，可以有自己的主语而变成独立结构（the absolute construction），如：
　　● The old man listened， his head inclined to one side.